The reactivity of the alkali family increases from Li to Cs, except for nitrogen molecules. In solution, the Li + ion stabilizes by high solvation energy. The major chemistry of metal is described by the Li + ion. The large difference between the first and second ionization energy of lithium suggests that the preferred oxidation state of the metal is +1 oxidation. About 1000 tonnes of lithium metal and several thousands of salts are prepared annually for various purposes of use. The major commercial form of the metal Li 2CO 3, is produced from ores or brines by different processes and uses largely in the chemical industry. Therefore, fused chloride and hydroxide are used for the preparation of lithium and sodium. Due to electropositivity, alkali metals readily react with water and cannot be produced by electrolysis. The alkali metals beings most electropositive and have never been found in nature in elementary states. In this century, Australia, Chile, and Portugal are the largest commercial suppliers of the metal or its compound. In the 19th century, the United States was the largest producer of chemical elements and compounds like Li 2CO 3. Searles Lake in California is an important source of nearly dry and alkaline ( pH scale = 9.5) lithium metal. It also occurs in many springs and some radioactive decay minerals like carnallite, ashes of planets, in taboo, milk, and blood of living animals. It may facilitate nuclear reaction to heavier elements like beryllium or boron. The very low terrestrial or cosmic abundance of lithium compared to other alkali metals describe by its small nuclear charge and low potential barrier. It is found mainly in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, the Soviet Union, Spain, and Congo. Sepidolite, LiF, LiOH, Al 2(SiO 3) 3 about 3.8 to 5.6 percent.Spodumene, LiAl(SiO 3) 3 about 2.5 to 3 percent.Where is lithium found?Īluminum silicate is the main mineral. It occurs in crustal rocks (18 ppm) comparable to gallium (18 ppm) and niobium (20 ppm) in the earth’s environment. The name was chosen from Greek later lithos means stone. Lithium was discovered by Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson in 1817 in the mineral petalite. It is an s-block element that lies between hydrogen and sodium. Lithium is placed in group 1 and period 2 of the periodic table. It is preferred to form chemical compounds by ionic chemical bonding in chemistry. The large difference between the first and second ionization energy of lithium suggests that the preferred oxidation number or state of metal will be +1. This fact of alkali metals developed the analytical method for precise estimation by flame photometer. Therefore, the only 2s 1 electron of the metal takes part in metallic bonding.Īll the alkali metals give characteristic flame due to easy excitation by electromagnetic spectrum with the following colour, The electron configuration of the lithium atom is 1s 2 2s 1. But at low temperatures, it forms a hexagonal close pack structure. The alkali metal, lithium is soft, low melting (melting point 180.5 ☌), and silvery-white body-centered cubic crystal lattice at room temperature. These can be readily understood by the outer electronic configuration. The systematic study of alkali metals (lithium, sodium, and potassium) in inorganic chemistry describes their physical and chemical properties.
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